www.propublica.org/.../rape-and-other-sexual-violence-prevalent-in-juv...
Jun 6, 2013 - The greatest rates of sexual assaults in the country's juvenile ... that the rates of staff-on-inmate abuse among juveniles are "about three times ...
www.takepart.com/article/2013/.../doj-study-juvenile-justice-sexual-assau...
Jun 10, 2013 - The primary predators are adult staff at correctional facilities, not ... injuvenile facilities in America report being sexually abused in the past year ...
www.psmag.com/.../hundreds-of-teens-raped-and-assaulted-by-staff-in-j...
Jun 14, 2013 - Hundreds of Teens Raped and Assaulted by Staff in Juvenile ... that the rates of staff-on-inmate abuse among juveniles are "about three times ...
www.salon.com/.../sexual_abuse_on_the_rise_at_us_juvenile_detention_...
Jul 4, 2013 - In all, the facilities house more than 18,000 juveniles, representing about one ... Nine out of 10 victims were males abused by female staff.
www.rawstory.com/.../rape-and-sexual-assault-run-rampant-in-juvenile-j...
Jun 6, 2013 - The teens are most often assaulted by staff members working at the facilities, ... said that the rates of staff-on-inmate abuse among juveniles are ...
https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/21225_displayArticle.aspx
Sexual Abuse by Prison and Jail Staff Proves Persistent, Pandemic .... “She's beenassaulted in ways that are so inhumane and so offensive we can't talk .... In January 2009, a manager at the Marion County Juvenile Detention Center was ...
thinkprogress.org/.../teenagers-in-adult-prisons-more-likely-to-b...
May 16, 2013 - ... being assaulted by another inmate, 3.2 percent were abused by staff. ... One former juvenile inmate who was raped and abused in prison ...
www.presstv.com/detail/2013/.../sexual-abuse-rampant-at-us-juvenile-jail...
Jun 7, 2013 - This is while Allen Beck, the author of the report, underlined that the rates of staff-on-inmate abuse among juveniles are "about three times ...
www.movetoendviolence.org/.../sexual-abuse-and-juvenile-justice-syste...
Jul 18, 2013 - Sexual Abuse and the Juvenile Justice System ... most alarming finding is the percentage of assaults committed by juvenile corrections staff.
www.huffingtonpost.com/.../disturbing-doj-report-fin_n_3397309.html
Jun 6, 2013 - Interestingly, the rate of staff sexual misconduct is nearly twice as high ....abuse, but we had kids transferred from Juvie who'd been assaulted ...
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1. NICIC.gov: Searching nicic.gov for: inmate sexual assault juveniles
nicic.gov/?q=inmate+sexual+assault+juveniles
"Your Role: Responding to Sexual Abuse ... BLOG. 14. Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2010 ... Home > Library > Inmate sexual assault > Juveniles in ...
2. PREA Posters and Inmate Brochures : NIC Information Center
https://nic.zendesk.com/.../21589798-PREA-Posters-and-Inmate-Brochur...
Jun 14, 2012 - ... requires agencies to educate inmates and residents about their zero ...Arizona Dept. of Juvenile Corrections. ... Assault and Sexual Abuse of Juveniles,” “Reception Screening for ... Inmate sexual assault shared files on the NIC Corrections Community website ... PREA in the Juvenile Justice System
3. In Texas' Juvenile Correctional Facilities, Assaults Among Inmates ...
www.nytimes.com/.../in-texas-juvenile-correctional-facilities-assaults-am...
Feb 11, 2012 - The overhauling of the juvenile justice system in 2007 has had some ...physically and sexually abusing minors under their supervision. ... Overall, confirmed youth-on-youth assaults have more than tripled at the secure juvenile offender ... At the CorsicanaResidential Treatment Center, where the state ...
[PDF]
Sexual Assault in Jail and Juvenile Facilities - DCJ Home
dcj.state.co.us/.../FINAL%20PREA%20REPORT%20June%2028%20201...
by K English - 2010 - Cited by 1 - Related articles
Jun 7, 2010 - increased rates of substance abuse, suicide attempts, depression and post ...on-inmate sexual assault in jails and resident-on-resident sexual ...
5. Juvenile Delinquency - Page 385 - Google Books Result
books.google.com/books?isbn=074254706X
Donald J. Shoemaker - 2009 - Education
National data suggest that the per-resident annual costs of institutions are very high. ...numerous accounts of violence and assaults on residents by other inmates ... of abuse and neglect within institutions as well as in other parts of the juvenile ...
6. Child-on-child sex abuse poses challenges – USATODAY.com
www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-01-07/child-sex-abuse/.../1
Jan 7, 2012 - Some states have balked at complying with the juvenile registration ... "By 14, he was so sophisticated that he could sexually assault a child sitting ... recently assessed 37 youths in a residential sex-offender unit and found that ...
Dealing with child-on-child sex abuse not one size fits all
Updated 1/7/2012 1:51 PM
NEW YORK (AP) – Recent high-profile cases of child sex abuse have roused national revulsion against the adults who perpetrated them. Rarely mentioned is the sobering statistic that more than one-third of the sexual abuse of America's children is committed by other minors.
For many of the therapists and attorneys who deal with them, these juvenile offenders pose a profoundly complicated challenge for the child-protection and criminal justice systems. It's a diversegroup that defies stereotypes, encompassing a minority of youths who represent a threat of long-term danger to others and a majority who are responsive to treatment and unlikely to reoffend.
"There's a long continuum, from kids who will never do it again to a kid who probably will be an adult rapist/pedophile," said Steve Bengis, executive director of the New England Adolescent ResearchInstitute in Holyoke, Mass. "It's not a 'one size fits all' yet we end out with public policy that's geared toward the worst 5%."
That public policy includes a federal law, the Adam Walsh Act, with a requirement that states include certain juvenile offenders as young as 14 on their sex-offender registries. Many professionals who deal with young offenders object to the requirement, saying it can wreak lifelong harm on adolescents who might otherwise get back on the track toward law-abiding, productive lives.
Some states have balked at complying with the juvenile registration requirement, even at the price of losing some federal criminal-justice funding. Other states have provisions tougher than the federal act, subjecting children younger than 14 to the possibility of 25-year or lifetime listings on publicly accessible registries that include photos of the offenders.
Delaware recently had a 9-year-old child on its registry. Several other states have registered 12- and 13-year-olds.
"We're bringing down a very heavy hammer on the head of kids, with significant life-altering consequences," said Marsha Levick, deputy director and chief counsel of the Juvenile Law Center in Philadelphia. "It's a knee-jerk reaction that's foolhardy beyond imagination."
Nicole Pittman, a Human Rights Watch researcher, has been analyzing the impact of registration on the children who get listed, and says states should halt the practice. But she knows it's a longshot quest.
"Most legislators do not believe children should be on the registry — yet it's the kiss of death for most politicians to vote against any sex offender law," she said.
Basic data about child-on-child sex abuse is detailed in an authoritative, Justice Department-sponsored analysis of crime data from 29 states. Conducted by three prominent researchers, the 2009 analysis found that juveniles accounted for 35.6% of the people identified by police as having committed sex offenses against minors.
Of these young offenders, 93% were male, and the peak ages for offending were 12 through 14, the researchers found. Of the victims, 59% were younger than 12 and 75% were female.
The report referred to a popular misconception that juvenile sex offenders are likely to reoffend, and said numerous studies over the years have shown the opposite — that 85 to 95% of offending youth are never again arrested for sex crimes.
University of Oklahoma pediatrics professor Mark Chaffin, a co-author of the 2009 report, says efforts to deal constructively with juvenile sex offenders are complicated by the tendency of some legislators and others to lump them together with adult sexual predators.
"That used to be the message — that we should apply the template from what we know about adult pedophilia," Chaffin said. "Now that the data has shown most of those assumptions were wrong, it's difficult to undo those messages that people in the advocacy and treatment fields were putting out a generation ago."
Experts say the young offenders differ from adult sex offenders not only in their lower recidivism rates, but in the diversity of their motives and abusive behavior.
While some youths commit violent, premeditated acts of sexual assault and rape, others get in trouble for behavior arising from curiosity, naivete, peer pressure, momentary irresponsibility, misinterpretation of what they believed was mutual interest, and a host of other reasons. Somecases involve sibling incest; sometimes the offenders have autism or other developmental disorders that lessen their ability to self-police inappropriate conduct.
"There needs to be a highly discriminative response system," said sociologist David Finkelhor, director of the University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Research Center. "It needs to differentiate between the kids we should stigmatize as little as possible, who are probably going to be fine with some kind of education, and others who need a lot of intervention, including maybe incarceration, because they pose a tremendous risk."
"We run a big risk if we get it wrong," he added. "We fail to protect the public on one hand, or we ruin the lives of young people who might otherwise be headed in a healthy direction."
In most cases of child-on-child sex abuse, the public never hears about it. Experts say many incidents are never reported in the first place, due to the shame or embarrassment of victims and their parents, and most of the cases that are reported are handled confidentially through the juvenile justice system.
Robert Edelman, who has worked with many abused children as a mental health counselor in Gainesville, Fla., is well aware of the ripple effects of abuse. In one case, a man now in his 20s was molested at age 8 by an older boy. Later — at 15 — the boy was charged with molesting his half-sister.
During a counseling session after that arrest, Edelman noticed slashes on the youth's arm — he'd tried to kill himself out of remorse for abusing the sister.
In his early 20s, the man was arrested for a domestic violence incident involving his wife, Edelman said, and at one stage faced the possibility of having his children removed from the home because he'd been labeled a juvenile sex offender.
"Something that happened to him when he was 8 was still being carried around 15 years later," Edelman said.
Veronique Valliere, a psychologist with a counseling practice in Fogelsville, Pa., has worked with numerous youths implicated in sex offenses, ranging from those she deemed highly unlikely to reoffend to others who posed a clear long-term menace. One such case, she said, involved a youth who began molesting younger children when he was 12 or 13 and was showing signs of developing pedophilia.
"By 14, he was so sophisticated that he could sexually assault a child sitting next to him in church — or in the backseat of a car," Valliere said.
Despite extensive attempts to treat the young man, the abuse continued, and Valliere said he is now serving a 30-to-60-year prison sentence for child sex abuse he committed as a 22-year-old.
"He was a rare case," she said. "He had every opportunity to get better. We did everything we could do, but he just wasn't willing to manage himself."
Looking nationwide, experts differ as to whether sex abuse by juveniles is proliferating or abating.
The latest juvenile crime data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics indicates that arrests of juvenile sex offenders declined by about 25% from 2000 through 2009. That would mesh with a decline in child sex abuse committed by adults, as well as a decline in the overall juvenile crime rate.
But data from New York City, Florida and elsewhere indicates that the prevalence of child-on-child sex hasn't dropped noticeably.
In any case, forms of abuse evolve with the times as sexting becomes a common youth activity and easily accessible online pornography affects some children.
"There's a fear of technology — parents don't think they can control it," said Marsha Levick, who has been working with colleagues to dissuade prosecutors from criminalizing commonplace teen sexting activities.
For parents, it's often hard to discern warning signs about potentially dangerous sexual activity or to identify youths who might pose a threat to their own children.
"It would be less scary if we could come up with a stereotype … so as a parent we could say, 'Stay away from this type of child,'" said Nancy Arnow of Safe Horizon, a New York-based victim services agency. "There is no typical youthful offender. They come from all backgrounds."
Safe Horizon serves adult victims of rape and sex trafficking, but Arnow said the child-on-child sex abuse cases are among the most difficult.
"We have to distinguish between sexualized behavior that might be pretty normal — experimenting, touching each other — versus molesting, subjecting another child to harm," she said. She recalled investigations of children as young as 7, and the arrest of an 8-year-old.
In New York City, sex offenders aged 7 through 15 usually end up in family court, where the main goal is rehabilitation, not punishment.
"We're supposed to consider needs of juveniles and the need for public safety, so it's balancing act," said Thea Davis, chief of the family court's Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit. Cases often end with plea bargaining and probation. The most severe outcome is an 18-month placement in a secure state-run facility for juvenile offenders.
The hardest cases, Davis said, are intra-family cases where a cousin or brother abuses a younger cousin or sibling.
"Immediately you have to separate the perpetrator from the victim and make sure the victim is safe," she said. "But you also have to think that in the long run you're dealing with a family, and you're not going to keep them separated forever."
Virginia White, a family counselor with Pittsburgh Action Against Rape, deals with young victims of sex abuse, including those targeted by siblings.
"The parents are in a tough place — they feel guilty a lot," she said. "And the victim is often torn, because the other sibling may be removed from home."
Ideally, parents as well as the offending child should be involved in treatment, according to Jay Deppeler, president of an agency called Edison Court in Doylestown, Pa., that runs a residential treatment program for adolescent male sex offenders.
However, Deppeler said stigma and fear of consequences probably deter some families from telling authorities about cases of intra-family abuse.
"The family may circle the wagons, and the abuse may persist," he said.
Another challenging type of abuse cases involves youths who are autistic.
Lawrence Sutton, a psychologist from Pittsburgh, recently assessed 37 youths in a residential sex-offender unit and found that 60% were autistic. He said these youths, many of them past victims of sexual abuse, can be treated successfully if the reasons for their behavior problems are understood.
Many don't know who to form relationships, "how to make friends," Sutton said. "Most of them have done to others what was done to them at some point."
Deppeler recalled one autistic young man who came through Edison Court as an outpatient. He had committed a sex offense as a 14-year-old and later — after turning 18 — committed a property-related offense that sent him to the adult criminal justice system. As a result, the young man became obligated to apprise prospective employers of his full record, including the juvenile sex offense — making him "virtually unemployable."
"Long term, I fear his prospects are quite bleak," Deppeler said. "What do we end up doing with a guy like that?"
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
7. DOJ Report Finds Sexual Abuse At Juvenile Detention Facilities Is ...
www.huffingtonpost.com/.../disturbing-doj-report-fin_n_3397309.html
Jun 6, 2013 - The report indicates that about 3.5 percent of inmates reported sexual ...percent), Corsicana Residential Treatment Center in Texas (10.5 percent), .... any abuse, but we had kids transferred from Juvie who'd been assaulted ...
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At the time Arizona law did not permit any appeals in a juvenile case. .... of age at the Department of Juvenile Justice (formerly the California Youth Authority.) ..... or they have physically restrained you by handcufs or pointing a weapon at you, ...
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The worst physical confrontations have ended in death. At least five juveniles died after being forcibly placed in restraints in facilities run by state ... successful landmark litigation against the California Youth Authority (CYA) in April 2006.
ellabakercenter.org/.../Ella-Baker-Center-Testimony-for-Congress-solitar...
Jun 19, 2012 - the Ella Baker Center has pursued juvenile justice reforms in California... Then known as the California Youth Authority, DJJ ..... Because she was on suicide watch, staff put her in a strait jacket that restrained her physical.
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27 posts - 2 authors
Juvenile Institution. Case Summary. A taxpayer whose juvenile nephew was a ward of the court filed a lawsuit on January 16, 2003, ....Restraints : physical.
cdm16254.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p178601ccp2/id/29
Formal systems of classification are less common in juvenile corrections. ..... of 2003, HGS used chemicals restraints a total of 535 times, physical restraints were ...
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Dec 31, 2001 - B.4 Suggested improvement of mental health services in the CYA: Integrating .... evaluation of the California Youth Authority's mental health system. ...Psychiatry Department of the Stanford University School of Medicine.
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... sex offender behavior, and substance abuse and mental health problems, andmedical care, while maintaining a safe and secure environment conducive to ...
[PDF]
www.prisonlaw.com/pdfs/CYA1.pdf
by EW Trupin - 2003 - Cited by 1 - Related articles
In addition, we interviewed key administrative, medical, mental health, ... on a review of documents provided by the California Youth Authority (CYA), including.
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"The California Youth Authority will contribute to the protection of society from the ....offense criteria, medical or mental health needs or length of confinement".
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In the best of circumstances, youthful offenders with mental health issues face ... States, and specifically in the cases handled by the California Youth Authority (CYA). ...context on issues related to provision of medical and mental health care.
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The California Youth Authority southern reception center in Norwalk ..... Questions on immunization, medical, mental health, substance abuse patient Records -
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capacity, Petitioner Morris has become aware of the medical and mental healthproblems of youth incarcerated in the California Youth Authority. 7. Respondent ...
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... challenging the failure of the California Youth Authority (now the Division of Juvenile Justice) to license its inpatient medical and mental health services as ...
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The assessment of the mental health system of the California Youth Authority .....mental health treatment programs best on evidence based medical practice.
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The California Youth Authority southern reception center ... months for enhanced robbery, felony assault 63.6 months, 59.5 months for forcible rape. ... to DJJ thanks to the efforts of San Francisco Public Defender Jeff Adachi and his staff. .... 58% are in need of substance abuse treatment services, 22% are in need of sexual ...
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Jan 9, 2000 - HARDER TIME: California Youth Authority Shifts from Rehab to Brutality ... left to sit in urine-soaked clothing, wards and former staff members said. ...Officials at the prison deny they use the gym sessions to punish or abuse prisoners. ....murder and assault, compared with the 47 percent who were violent ...
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Jun 10, 2007 - Uploaded by rosaryfilms
Violence, Abuse & Neglect in the California Youth Authority ... of violence, sexual assault, guard abuse ...
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October 10, 1986 | PHILIP HAGER, Times Staff Writer ... In echoing earlier criticism of the California Youth Authority, the audit ... allegations of abuse against wards, announced her resignation Wednesday. .... California Youth Authority officials revealed Thursday that they were pushing prosecutors to file criminal assault ...
www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=9466
27 posts - 2 authors
Assault/abuse by staff. Confinement/ ... Sex w/ staff; sexual harassment by staff ...Review of Health Care Services in California Youth Authority (CYA) 08/23/2003.
[PDF]
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The California Youth Authority (CYA), the largest youth correctional system ...substance abuse treatment, specialized counseling, and intensive mental health .... CYA research staff such as Carl Jesness and Ted Palmer, nevertheless, .... gruesome details and harsh realities of life behind bars including the assaults, murders ...
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[PDF]
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experience rape, sexual assault and abuse by both correctional officers and other inmates and often receive punitive ... particularly as punishment for reporting cases ofassault or abuse by correctional staff. .... The California Youth Authority.
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Jun 17, 2012 - Violence, Abuse & Neglect in the California Youth Authority ... sexualassault, guard abuse, and medical, educational, and mental health care neglect. ... was a free for all, staff did what they wanted. lied and denied everything.
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Many violent gang members, sexual offenders, and other violent and repeat offenders ... rape 53.8 months,felony assault 51.7 months, other sex offenses 46.3 months. ... to the efforts of San Francisco Public Defender Jeff Adachi and his staff. ... In 1996, one inmate murdered a prison guard at the California Youth Authority.
· [PDF]
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by SW McCampbell - 2000 - Cited by 3 - Related articles
Summary. Section III – Institutional Culture and Staff/Inmate Dynamics .... abuse, sexual harassment, sexual contact, conduct of a sexual nature or .... administrators of a California Youth Authority school for their ... sex with juveniles under their charge. Two ...... per 100,000residents has risen from 292 to 476. Louisiana has ...
· [PDF]
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state government and conducted 34 interviews with staff in those ... Criminal Justice Planning (OCJP); California Youth Authority; and Victim Compensation ... inventory to include all possible victims of SV, regardless of age, sex, or relationship ... Under ICD-10, the code Y05 indicates a sexual assault using bodily force,.
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likely to fight with same sex friends or acquaintances than any other type of victim, girls' ...sexual exploitation and abuse by family members and boyfriends, as well as ... A study of girls in the California Youth Authority (now the Division of Juvenile ... Detention and residentialfacilities, as well as the staff that work in them, are ...
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By Paul Demuro, Anne Demuro, and Steve Lerner / $5.95
The CYA Report, Part II: Bodily Harm-The Pattern Of Fear And Violence At The California Youth Authority
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1. CDCR DRP - Office of Offender Services, In-Prison Programs Unit
www.cdcr.ca.gov/rehabilitation/ofs/in-prison-programs.html
The Office of Offender Services (OS), In-Prison Programs Unit provides comprehensive ... and works closely with Community and Reentry Services to ensure a continuum of care. ... are vital components of California's ongoing efforts to assist offenders in their successful ... In-Custody Sex Offender Treatment Pilot Program.
2. Mental Health Services Continuum Program - California Department ...
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All registered sex offenders are also required to attend POC upon release from ... Program is a comprehensive model which provides varied levels of care, ...
[PDF]
Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Remedial Plan - California ...
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/docs/SexOffenderPlan.pdf
Adequacy of DJJ Sex Offender Programs (including number of treatment beds). 2. .... The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program uses a continuum of care.
4. California Division of Juvenile Justice - Wikipedia, the free ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Division_of_Juvenile_Justice
... that provide a continuum of care and assist with the reintegration of youthful offenders into society." ... Wards committed for sexual offenses were allowed to challenge sex offendertreatment programs in which they were placed. ... to direct the CYA to obtain licenses for all eleven of its health care facilities within two years.
[PDF]
Aftercare as Afterthought: Reentry and the California Youth Authority.
www.ncmhjj.com/resource_kit/pdfs/Re-entry/.../AfterAsAfter.pdf
by D Macallair - 2002 - Related articles
Aug 9, 2002 - at [theformalized Continuum of Care Sex Offender Program]. The CYA operates two formal sex offender programs, one in Northern California ...
6. Juvenile Justice Commission - Introduction to the JJC
www.nj.gov/oag/jjc/info_intro.htm
Juvenile Gang Intervention and Prevention Program | Special Needs Services ... The Juvenile Justice Commission provides a continuum of care for juveniles ... to allow private providers to designate a total of 12 beds for juvenile sex offenders.
7. Sex Offender Treatment Service - National Youth Advocate Program
www.nyap.org/sex-offender-treatment-service/4576110432
Sex Offender Treatment Services (PASS) ... treatment strategies for youth living at home or in a therapeutic foster care setting. ... NYAP's Continuum of Care. >.
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spsf.senate.ca.gov/jointinformationalhearingonthecaliforniayouthauthorit...
May 16, 2000 - California needs a youthful offender corrections program. ..... a 1,200-bed youth training school, the O.H. Close School, the Karl Holton School, ...
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www.prisontalk.com › ... › FOR FAMILY & FRIENDS › Juvenile
Jul 22, 2005 - ... law school graduation, the state Bar exam (finished yesterday! ... I wonder why you went to California youth authority, and what happened ... I am currently writing a book to expose the lack of efforts and proper programs to help those ... Hi? i wanted to kno some information about O.h. close because my bf ...
· [PDF]
www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/410529_cayouthcorrections.pdf
by D Steinhart - 2002 - Cited by 1 - Related articles
ducted by the Program on Youth Justice within the Urban. Institute's ..... 98. Sources:California Youth Authority (2001b) and California Board of Corrections (2001b). .....school-based programs, and new juvenile hall ..... O.H. Close Youth.
· [PDF]
www.law.berkeley.edu/.../Long_and_Winding_Road_Publication-final.p...
by B Krisberg - Cited by 1 - Related articles
1960's and early 1970's the California Youth Authority (CYA), now known at the .... several remaining DJJ facilities such as OH Close, the Chadjerian facility and the ... Youth CorrectionsFacility and the Camp program for females at Ventura. .... were not attending the regular schoolat Ventura do to staff and youth concerns ...
www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf1j49n4h9/entire_text/
California State Archives; 1020 "O" Street; Sacramento, California 95814; Phone: (916) 653-2246; Fax: (916) 653-7363 ... Creator: >California Youth Authority ... The State ReformSchool at Marysville, established in 1860 ( Stats. ... 690) in an attempt to emphasize prevention as well as correction in the Authority's program.
cdcrtoday.blogspot.com/2010/10/cdcr-to-close-preston-youth.html
Oct 21, 2010 - ... the O.H. Close and N.A. Chaderjian youth correctional facilities in ... Prior to the construction of those two schools, juvenile offenders had been housed in adult prisons. ...previously known as the California Youth Authority, accepted youth for ... Since 2006, the DJJ has been reforming its programs to meet ...
Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Remedial Plan
April 2010
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Background
B. Plan Organization
1. Adequacy of DJJ Sex Offender Programs
2. Organization and Staffing
3. Training
4. Appropriateness of Policies and Procedures
5. Sex Offender Assessment
C. Relationship to Previously Filed Plans
D. Resources Needed for Plan Implementation
II. Program Statement
A. The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Description
B. Mission Statement
C. Vision Statement
III. Organizational Structure
A. Central Office Organization
B. Facility Organization
C. Treatment Team Organization
IV. Staff Training
A. Qualifications and License
B. Training
V. Program Adequacy
A. Assessment
B. Types of Units, Programs, and Interventions
C. Exit Criteria
D. Suspension/Refusal Criteria
E. Case Planning
F. SBTP Program Components
G. Re-entry
VI. Quality Management
I. Introduction
A. Background
On November 19, 2004, a Consent Decree was entered into in the case of Farrell v. Allenby the plaintiff, Margaret Farrell, a taxpayer in the State of California, and the defendant Walter Allen III, director of the California Youth Authority, now the Division of Juvenile Justice (“DJJ”) of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”). The Consent Decree required the defendant to file remedial plans that addressed all areas of deficiency identified by experts for the court by January 31, 2005. In January 2005, based on a new direction to reform California’s juvenile system to evidence based rehabilitative model, the parties stipulated to extend the dates for the filing of remedial plans.
Pursuant to the agreed upon time extension, DJJ filed its proposed Sexual Behavior Treatment Program (SBTP) Remedial Plan on May 16, 2005.
By agreement of the parties and the court-appointed sexual behavior treatment expert, Dr. Barbara Schwartz, this revised Plan is being filed.
B. Plan Organization
This modified Remedial Plan is organized to address the deficiencies identified by the sex offender treatment report in the following areas and is guided by Dr. Schwartz’s recommendations:
1. Adequacy of DJJ Sex Offender Programs (including number of treatment beds)
2. Organization and Staffing
3. Training
4. Appropriateness of Policies and Procedures
5. Sex Offender Assessment
Each section of this plan addresses one of these major elements. In all cases, each section begins with a brief description of the issue. This is followed by a discussion section wherein details concerning deficiencies and required changes are presented. Each section concludes with an Action Plan and plan for monitoring for compliance, including standards and criteria and identification of actions necessary to achieve compliance.
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C. Relationship to Previously Filed Plans
DJJ will work with the Farrell Court Experts in the areas of safety and welfare, mental health, education, health care and wards with disabilities in order to reconcile the previously filed plans in those areas with this revised Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Remedial Plan. In the interim, as inconsistencies between these plans are identified, DJJ will notify the Office of the Special Master (OSM), Plaintiff’s counsel, and the appropriate court experts to convene a discussion to resolve the discrepancy. If discrepancies are not resolved by agreement, either party may invoke the dispute resolution procedure under paragraphs 48 and 49 of the Consent Decree.
DJJ will inform Plaintiff’s counsel, the SBTP court expert and the OSM of any planned changes to the SBTP Program Guide. Plaintiff’s counsel, the OSM, and the SBTP court expert can request a meeting to discuss the changes proposed before any modifications are made to the SBTP Program Guide.
D. Resources Needed for Plan Implementation
Reference throughout this plan to numbers and classification of staff reflect DJJ’s and the experts’ judgment at the time the plan was filed as to the numbers and classification of staff necessary for successful implementation. References to positions are working titles rather than specific job classifications. DJJ will adjust staffing levels when such changes are necessary to achieve program compliance, defined as adherence to the SBTP Program Guide.
The staffing resources for SBTP are as follows:
Headquarters
�. Senior Psychologist Supervisor/Sexual Behavior Treatment Coordinator
�. Research Program Specialist exclusive to SBTP
�. Office Technician exclusive to SBTP
�. SBTP Administrative Task Force
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Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Team Positions
�. Program Administrator
�. Senior Psychologist Supervisor
�. Clinical Psychologist
�. Treatment Team Supervisor
�. Senior Youth Correctional Counselor
�. Casework Specialist
�. Re-Entry Parole Agent
�. Youth Correctional Counselor
�. Youth Correctional Officer
�. Office Technician
�. Compliance Team
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will have the following staff assigned with a maximum of 36 youth per living unit:
�. Two Clinical Psychologists
�. One Treatment Team Supervisor or equivalent
�. One Casework Specialist
�. One Senior Youth Correctional Counselor
�. Two Youth Correctional Counselors on the second watch
�. Three Youth Correctional Counselors on the third watch
�. One Youth Correctional Officer on the first watch
�. Re-Entry Parole Agent (assigned to each facility at a 1:100 staff to youth ratio)
Before DJJ makes modifications to the staffing model as defined above and in the Safety and Welfare Remedial Plan, DJJ shall consult with the court appointed SBTP expert and provide at least sixty days notice to plaintiff’s counsel and the Office of the Special Master.
This notice will demonstrate that the proposed reduction will not hamper DJJ’s progress towards programmatic compliance in any area
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covered by this Plan. Changes in types or classes of staff that result in reducing qualifications of significant numbers of staff is deemed a “reduction” in staff for the purposes of this paragraph. Any dispute between the parties over reductions, whether reductions are substantial, or whether reductions are likely to hamper DJJ’s progress towards programmatic compliance, will be resolved pursuant to paragraphs 48 and 49 of the Consent Decree.
II. Program Statement
A. The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Description
The DJJ’s Sexual Behavior Treatment Program is designed to treat youth who have been adjudicated or convicted of a sexual offense, have a history of sexual offending behavior or have displayed high risk, inappropriate sexual behavior(s) within DJJ facilities. The SBTP is a comprehensive program focused on a continuum of care which standardizes the process for assessment and treatment planning through reentry.
The SBTP utilizes a collaborative treatment approach between youth and staff to develop objective Individual Treatment Plans targeting dynamic risk factors that contribute to sexual offending behavior and re-offense. Dynamic risk factors include: sexual deviance, contributory attitudes, interpersonal/socio-affective functioning, self-management, and influential others (Prescott, 2007). Standardized treatment programming agreed upon by mental health professionals will then be tailored to the needs of the individual assigned to the SBTP. The program will adopt an interdisciplinary approach which consists of psychosexual education, individual therapy, group therapy, family integration, psycho-educational groups, educational/vocational services, substance abuse treatment, mental health/health care services, and recreational/leisure activities.
B. Mission
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program is dedicated to rehabilitating youth exhibiting sexually abusive behavior, which is in direct support of the DJJ’s mission to protect the public.
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Youth in the SBTP will learn to:
1. Reduce and eliminate occurrence of all forms of sexually inappropriate behaviors as identified in the youth’s treatment plan.
2. Acquire skills and knowledge to assist them in becoming responsible, healthy individuals capable of forming positive relationships.
3. Develop the ability to understand the impact of their crimes on victims, families, and the community.
4. Develop the thinking and behavioral skills to establish a pro-social, rewarding lifestyle through participation in strength-based individualized treatment.
C. Program Description
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program uses a continuum of care where treatment occurs from intake to discharge. It is a holistic approach to treatment which incorporates the involvement of the family and community, understanding victims’ rights, and simultaneously recognizing the individualized needs of every youth. The SBTP establishes a therapeutic community with an attachment-informed environment to provide youth with skills and tools to learn how to develop healthy social relationships and lead successful lives. (Understanding that early attachment experiences have an enduring and stable quality through the lifespan, and affect the way individuals interact with their world. Rich, 2009) The program utilizes a case management approach, which promotes interdisciplinary treatment, team cooperation, and collaboration and provides for continuous service between facilities. Respect and dignity for each individual is fundamental in this team-focused, youth-centered therapeutic milieu.
III. Organizational Structure
A. The Issue
DJJ has not established a sufficiently integrated organizational structure at the facility or at the central office level. In addition, DJJ has not established a sufficient Dispute Resolution procedure to address conflicts between treatment team members with different chains of command. The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program is under the auspices of Mental Health Services. It is noted that a majority of the staff assigned to the SBTP do not fall under the direct supervision
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of mental health administration, but mental health staff will provide clinical direction.
B. Expectation
DJJ will develop or modify central office and facility organizational charts consistent with the principles and concepts discussed above and summarized below. See Facility Organizational Chart on Page 7. The intent of this section is to provide a guide for central office, facility and treatment team organization that will allow for the implementation of the SBTP, not to prescribe a specific and immutable organizational model. DJJ will develop an organizational model that depicts the reporting relationships among all SBTP personnel and that defines the extent and role of clinical direction. It will set an expectation that staff will collaborate and cooperate to ensure maximum treatment and constructive activity in a safe environment. All SBTP unit staff and supervisors are responsible for achievement of the treatment goals of the SBTP in a safe and secure setting, which will require collaboration among clinical and non-clinical staff. SBTP will also be required to operate within DJJ’s Integrated Behavior Treatment Model (IBTM).
The SBTP offers a specialized treatment approach for youth with a history of problematic sexual behavior and operates within the theoretical principles and philosophical orientation of DJJ’s IBTM. The youth participating in the SBTP receive a variety of therapeutic experiences and interventions based on the assessment of their individual needs. These experiences and interventions may be part of the overall IBTM as well as groups, experiential exercises, and psycho-educational activities directed specifically towards the remediation of sexually inappropriate conduct. Assessment(s) may identify specific treatment needs and treatment modalities that will be offered within the framework of the individual treatment needs of each SBTP participant. These complimentary treatments may be offered within a group setting or as part of individual therapy but will be compatible with the IBTM’s overall principle(s). Whenever possible, treatment experiences and modalities will utilize the same vocabulary and basic principles of the IBTM. The SBTP will develop protocols for offering these specialized treatment experiences and interventions so that all SBTP units are consistent with each other and with the IBTM. Individual therapy shall be oriented towards needs identified in the treatment plan and will supplement but remain complementary with the overall philosophy of the IBTM and the SBTP.
Page 6 Director, Division of Juvenile Programs Chief of Mental Health Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Coordinator Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Task Force - consisting of - Senior Psychologist Program Administrator Psychologists - coequals on the Task Force - Supervising Case Work Specialist/ Treatment Team Supervisor Case Manager/ Case Work Specialist/ Parole Agent I Senior Youth Correctional Counselor Youth Correctional CounselorDivision of Juvenile Justice Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Organizational ChartMarch 16, 2010 Key — Direct Supervision — Functional Supervision Page 7
1. Central Office
A permanent Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Coordinator (SBTP Coordinator) position will be established and housed in Central Office in the Health Care Division, Mental Health Unit. The SBTP Coordinator will manage the work of the DJJ Research Program Specialist and Office Technician. The duties of this position will include overseeing the implementation and standardization of the Division’s Sexual Behavior Treatment Program. The coordinator will monitor and be responsible for all aspects of the SBTP in regards to program integrity and, therefore, the coordinator’s clinical and programmatic decisions will be binding within the SBTP.
The SBTP Coordinator will monitor the integrity of the SBTP in the DJJ, oversee implementation of standardized programming components, and coordinate the training of Sexual Behavior Treatment Program staff. The SBTP Coordinator will oversee movement into, within, and out of the sexual behavior programs, as well as monitor the populations of SBTPs to ensure that identified youth are appropriately distributed among the programs available. The SBTP Coordinator will attempt to keep youth in programs geographically closest to their families and/or county of commitment.
The SBTP Coordinator will remain knowledgeable of upcoming sex offender training opportunities, trends and treatment techniques for juveniles with inappropriate sexual behaviors. The SBTP Coordinator will work closely with program management to ensure that appropriate training is provided to staff in each program, including attendance at national conferences. The SBTP training budget will be centralized at DJJ Headquarters as a part of the Health Care Services Budget. The SBTP Coordinator will administer the SBTP training budget. The SBTP Coordinator will monitor the treatment staff training records as they relate to SBTP training ensuring that the staff receives the mandated annual training. Training requirements will also be reviewed during the performance standards auditing process. The SBTP Coordinator will also maintain a resource library for use by DJJ treatment staff.
The SBTP Coordinator will supervise the Sexual Behavior Administrative Task Force (Task Force). The Task Force will consist of the Program Administrators and Senior Psychologists who supervise the SBTP unit at each facility as well as representatives from Education Services (who may be from central office); the Policy, Procedures, Programs, & Regulations Unit; and north and south field parole. The SBTP Coordinator will convene task force meetings and
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make assignments to task force members as necessary for the timely implementation of this Remedial Plan and continuing compliance with this Plan and the Program Guide. Task Force members will be responsible to the coordinator for their task force work. The Task Force will meet, at a minimum, on a quarterly basis.
A DJJ Research Program Specialist will collect and evaluate data pertaining to program effectiveness, compare national trends in sex offender treatment, etc. The initial placement of participants in treatment programs will be evaluated through the assessment process; individual participants will be reviewed periodically to determine if their placement is appropriate given their level of need. It is understood that DJJ will have research and evaluation requirements for its entire treatment program, and SBTP research and evaluation will be accomplished in a way that is consistent with those requirements and avoids redundancy.
An Office Technician will provide clerical support for the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Coordinator and the Research Program Specialist.
2. Facility Organization
The Superintendent is responsible for the operation of his/her facility. His/her responsibility is to carry out division policy to ensure the safe and orderly operation of the facility, and ensure programs and services are provided to youth. The Superintendent will ensure all staff complies with the Program Service Day (PSD) schedule, unless there are safety/security reasons that preclude specific programming. SBTP related clinical decisions will be made by the top level mental health clinician at the facility or his/her designee, with consultation of the SBTP coordinator.
The Senior Psychologist (or highest-ranking mental health clinician), and school principal are members of the Superintendent’s executive team and participate in regular briefings, facility committees and other administrative meetings as appropriate. These meetings will address, among other issues, any disputes between clinical and non-clinical staff that affect the delivery of the program that cannot be resolved at the case-planning level.
The Superintendent or his/her designee may, at the Superintendent’s discretion, provide input to persons completing performance evaluations of all health care services/mental health and educational
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services staff. If the Superintendent believes that the top level administrators are not performing appropriately and/or in accordance with agency policy, he or she will take the concern up his/her direct chain of authority.
3. Treatment Team Organization
Treatment Teams will be organized around the concept that the treatment team as a whole is responsible for addressing the behaviors and needs of the youth assigned to the SBTP. All DJJ staff will work together to make the best decisions for the collective youth in DJJ’s care, while attending to the best interests of the individual youth. Teams should be inter-disciplinary and at a minimum consist of the youth’s case manager, Youth Correctional Counselor, education representative, health care professional and re-entry specialist.
A Program Administrator and Senior Mental Health Clinician have overall responsibility for unit operations and outcomes for the SBTP Program Guide and will consult the SBTP coordinator on treatment related issues.
A Program Administrator will oversee the management and operations of the Sexual Behavior Treatment Programs. The Program Administrator will work closely with the Treatment Team Supervisor/ Supervising Casework Specialist to ensure consistency and standardization in the operation and service delivery of the SBTPs. The Program Administrator will supervise the Treatment Team Supervisor/Supervising Casework Specialist and will consult with the Senior Psychologist.
The Treatment Team Supervisor and/or Supervising Casework Specialist will be responsible for compliance of the SBTP unit with the Program Guide. This person provides oversight of the daily operations of the living unit, including staff supervision, scheduling, discipline, grievances, casework, etc. This person is the primary liaison between the living units and upper-level facility management. The Treatment Team Supervisor and/or Supervising Casework Specialist will supervise the Casework Specialists (CWS) and the Senior Youth Correctional Counselors. The Treatment Team Supervisor will be the second-line supervisor to the YCCs.
Clinical Psychologists provide sexual behavior treatment services for youth in the SBTP unit. The psychologist provides training, coaching and consultation in treatment and interventions to direct care and
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other staff in these units. Additionally, psychologists will provide direct services to youth including assessment, individual and group therapy. Psychologists are part of Mental Health Services and report to the facility’s Senior Psychologist. The psychologist will provide the clinical expertise which will guide the treatment resources that will be implemented in each youth’s Individual Treatment Plan.
The Casework Specialist (CWS) is responsible for facilitation of case conferences of the multi-disciplinary team, conducting the majority of the risk/needs assessment, developing an Individual Change Plan (ICP) tailored to the risks and needs of each youth, coordinating and prioritizing interventions, documenting progress in the ICP, communication with parents, guardians, parole officers, and others and providing weekly individual and/or group counseling.
The Senior Youth Correctional Counselor (SYCC) will manage the living unit’s daily operations. The SYCC will have direct supervision of the Youth Correctional Counselors. The SYCC is accountable for the cleanliness, security, and order of the living unit. The SYCC is responsible for scheduling/conducting community groups and activities.
The Youth Correctional Counselors will be required to co-facilitate the Sexual Behavior Treatment Core group. The YCCs are responsible for report writing, filing, and individual youth casework. YCCs are to be trained to conduct resource groups to support the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program. Youth Correctional Counselors provide direct supervision, documentation, behavior management, skills training and maintain a normative culture on the unit. YCC staffing will be sufficient to ensure that all scheduled treatment services and activities, as well as operations, can be provided during the day or evening as needed and directed by the Program Service Day schedule.
C. Action Plan
1. DJJ will produce an organizational chart for central office consistent with the principles outlined in this section by June 1, 2010.
2. DJJ will produce an organizational chart for each DJJ facility with a Sexual Behavior Treatment Program consistent with the principles outlined in this section by June 1, 2010.
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3. DJJ will produce a dispute resolution protocol for the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program consistent with the principles outlined in this section by June 1, 2010.
4. DJJ will ensure the appropriate number of qualified staff is in place for program implementation and compliance by June 1, 2010.
IV. Staff Training
A. Issue
Because the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will not succeed in the absence of qualified staff, DJJ must be able to attract and retain competent professionals for existing staff and new hires. Initial and ongoing training is needed to develop and maintain the skills required for implementation and maintenance of an effective Sexual Behavior Treatment Program.
B. Expectation
Treatment Team staff working on the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program shall attend mandated training in working with sexually abusive youth. Training opportunities shall include attendance at national conferences addressing sex offender treatment for selected staff, who in turn will develop curriculum for in-service training and complete information sharing sessions for SBTP staff. All SBTP training materials will be approved by the SBTP Coordinator prior to their use.
The content and required hours of SBTP orientation and refresher training will be based on the content of DJJ’s SBTP curriculum, in consultation with the Farrell court expert. The orientation process for newly assigned SBTP staff will not exceed one month.
Ancillary staff members working with youth assigned to the SBTP shall be provided training related to youth with sexual behavior issues within the parameters of their employment assignment. This is accomplished through written policy, on-site training, contract trainings, and departmental expert training.
Page 12
C. Training
DJJ will either internally or through contract, write curriculum, develop training, provide training for trainers, and implement training for sexual behavior treatment staff. DJJ will develop a training plan and schedule for consistency across all SBTP units in the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program.
Psychologists who provide consulting and coaching to direct care staff on the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will receive in-depth training in the program either through contract, or as developed by the DJJ.
As described in the Safety and Welfare Remedial Plan, direct care staff receives training in all aspects of the Integrated Behavior Treatment Model. Staff assigned to the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will also receive training in all aspects of the SBTP, including in-depth instruction in the specific interventions and skill sets used. Staff working on Sexual Behavior Treatment Programs shall receive initial orientation training on the SBTP and yearly in-service training using both the training for trainers’ model and program-wide presentations.
1. Orientation Training
Upon assignment to an SBTP unit, staff will receive the New Staff SBTP Orientation Packet as a part of orientation training. New YCCs will shadow an experienced SBTP YCC during core/resource groups, individual session and case conferences. Clinical staff will shadow an experienced SBTP psychologist during core/resource group, individual and family sessions and case conferences.
1. SBTP Staff Training
Staff members involved with the SBTP shall be trained regarding all pertinent aspects of the SBTP for their employment assignment. This is accomplished through written policy, on-site, electronic, contract and departmental expert training.
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Teams will conduct yearly team meetings.
Page 13
Supplemental training will occur during individual unit weekly clinical meetings. Such training may include a review of risk assessments, overview of new research, case management or group facilitation.
SBTP staff assigned to the SBTP units shall be trained in the implementation and expectations of the SBTP curriculum.
In the occurrence of a facility re-bid where a number of new staff will be assigned to the SBTP, the SBTP Coordinator shall provide guidance and coordinate SBTP-specific training to occur to ensure newly assigned staff have the resources to provide appropriate SBTP treatment.
3. Staff Competency
The SBTP is under the auspices of Mental Health Services, and therefore psychiatrists and psychologists will meet the standards set forth by the Mental Health Remedial Plan. The SBTP Coordinator shall provide guidance and consultation regarding the placement of psychologists on the SBTP units.
Psychologists assigned to the SBTP will follow the Peer Review Policy as described in the Mental Health Remedial Plan. However, the items reviewed will be specific to SBTP documentation requirements as described in the SBTP Guide.
Case Work Specialists assigned to the SBTP will be required to meet the minimum qualifications for their specific classification.
Non-Clinical staff will be assigned to the SBTP through the Shift and Bid process. Non-Clinical staff assigned to the SBTP will be required to meet the minimum qualifications for their specific classification and be appropriately trained for their assignment.
D. Action Plan
1. DJJ will ensure that all staff employed on the Sexual Behavior Treatment Programs is qualified generally as mental health professionals, where applicable, and specifically to work with youth with SBTP needs.
2. DJJ will implement pertinent and appropriate training for all staff assigned or associated with the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program, including:
Page 14
�. Orientation Training Program will be on-going.
�. Ancillary staff training will occur annually, beginning in January 2011.
�. Curriculum Training including: basic curriculum; clinical interpretation of curriculum; Training for Trainers on all curriculum components (for internal sustainability); and internal in-service training. Training shall occur within 240 days of the development of the curriculum.
3. At least two representatives from the SBTP Administrative Task Force will attend SBTP-specific national/outside training opportunities annually starting in 2011.
4. DJJ will provide staff of the SBTP residential units with SBTP-specific training 20 hours or more each year.
V. Program Adequacy
A. Issue
The DJJ does not have a standardized Sexual Behavior Treatment Program. The department does not have a Program Manual that describes in detail the implementation of the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program and its components.
B. Expectation
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will be designed as a comprehensive, department-wide model, which follows a standardized process for assessment, classification, treatment planning, and service delivery from intake through parole supervision. The SBTP will utilize a curriculum which is based in current research and will be individualized to the needs of the youth. Services shall be developed for participants with developmental disabilities, females, Spanish speakers, and other special needs as determined by the Individualized Treatment Plan.
Youth will be provided with and involved in individualized treatment planning. For example, certain participants (i.e. youth with mental health conditions, dual diagnoses, developmental or learning disabilities, behavior treatment needs, cases on appeal, etc.) will be provided individualized treatment planning based on their needs. Standardized treatment programming will be tailored to meet the
Page 15
needs of the individual, in a manner that is supported by the current research. Treatment will be rendered through a continuum of services and treatment programs for youth with inappropriate sexual behaviors.
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will provide integrated services including psychosexual education, individual and group psychotherapy, family therapy and integration (when appropriate), and psycho-education resource groups. An interdisciplinary approach will be utilized, including the involvement of education/vocational and health care services personnel.
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program curriculum will be standardized and include experiential exercises; youth will demonstrate progress by a progression through individualized goals, and their treatment programs, interventions and services will be monitored and evaluated on a regular basis.
Standardized treatment stages, concepts and hours of treatment will be identified and provided to youth within the Sexual Behavior Treatment Programs.
The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Guide will define and detail all components of the model. All staff and youth will be trained on and made aware of the scope and requirements of the model as it relates to their specific involvement in the treatment of the youth.
C. Action Plan
1. DJJ will produce a written description and guide for its Sexual Behavior Treatment Program. The guide will include:
a.) Assessment:
(1) DJJ will administer appropriate screening and assessment tools which follow all state and federal laws governing youth with sexually abusive behaviors. DJJ will ensure that it utilizes assessments with demonstrated reliability and validity.
(2) On arrival to a SBTP unit, a specific SBTP evaluation will be conducted. The youth will participate in a series of assessments to identify the high/low risk level of the youth and other information such as past trauma, previous intervention efforts,
Page 16
family involvement, education and vocational history, peer associations, mental and medical issues, and substance abuse history. Based on the assessments and information provided, a clinical summary will be completed.
b.) Types of units, programs and interventions:
(1) DJJ will establish a protocol for those youth whose treatment needs hierarchy supersedes sex offender treatment, such as mental health, developmental disabilities and aggressive behavioral treatment needs. The youth in non-residential sex offender living units will be provided sex offender treatment through an individualized treatment plan if determined to benefit from sexual behavior treatment.
(2) DJJ will establish a system for the Sexual Behavior Treatment Program to include the following:
�. SBTP Orientation/Transition
�. Healthy Living Treatment
�. Residential Sexual Behavior Treatment
�. Individualized Sexual Behavior Treatment
�. Female Sexual Behavior Treatment
(3) DJJ will develop a transition component providing the youth with a change in their assigned environment. This will enable them to be challenged to look at what has previously been learned in the Residential Program from another perspective and/or environment, while also providing support and structure to maintain their progress.
(4) DJJ will provide a minimum treatment hour expectation for all components of the SBTP.
�. Two ninety minute groups (3 hours total) of sexual behavior group
�. 1 hour resource group
�. 1 hour of individual counseling (one-half hour clinical, one-half hour casework)
Page 17
�. 1 hour homework on stage, individual or journal assignments that support therapy.
�. 2 hours Residential large group
When a youth does not require the minimum hours of treatment this will be clearly defined in the Individual Treatment Plan.
(5) DJJ will develop and implement a family counseling and reunification intervention. The Sexual Behavior Treatment Program will provide the opportunity to involve the youth’s family/guardian, when appropriate, as prescribed in the treatment process.
a. DJJ will develop and implement a system to document and track attempts to engage families in the youth’s treatment program and participation in the youth’s treatment.
c.) Exit criteria:
DJJ will establish exit criteria to include cases on appeal and youth who have successfully completed the Sexual Behavioral Treatment Program as set forth in the Program Guide. Exit criteria will be competency based, determined by measurable objectives reflecting goal attainment. Youth will be assessed based on their accomplishment of specific changes in outcome measures and behavior and their ability to apply their knowledge to their daily functioning. This will be done via youths’ individual treatment plans and will be monitored at each case conference.
d.) Suspension/Refusal Criteria:
DJJ will establish temporary suspension/refusal criteria which includes monitoring for replacement/placement into the SBTP and includes interventions used prior to suspension. The process will be under the guidance and direction of the SBTP Coordinator.
Page 18
e.) Case Planning:
(1) A comprehensive and continuous assessment process is an integral part of the SBTP. Success in the ability to provide individualized treatment comes from assessing, evaluating and monitoring a youth’s progress. Assessments at the front-end of treatment help to determine risk levels, treatment and programming needs for the youth. Interventions, delivered throughout the youth’s stay in the treatment program, help to prepare each youth for reintegration into the community. The Case Planning and Review Process provides administrative oversight for each youth’s movement through DJJ and ensure that staff involved in parole supervision and aftercare planning has the information they need to effectively identify the youth’s risk level and meet their needs as they are being released into the community.
(2) Case Conferences are to be held at least every 60 days and should include the Interdisciplinary Treatment Team. The Case Conference team will identify and discuss progress on treatment, parole community reentry planning, goal setting and developing a case management plan for the next Case Conference.
(3) DJJ will provide case planning which will include transition planning, pre-release/parole placements, and re-entry services as described in the Program Guide to provide a continuum of care for SBTP youth transitioning from DJJ. Specialized attention needs to be given to SBTP cases due to legal restrictions related to residence and job opportunities.
f.) SBTP Program Components:
(1) Resource Groups will be offered to supplement the SBTP Core Curriculum. More than four Resource Groups will be offered to youth based on treatment needs and treatment objectives as identified in the Individualized Treatment Plan. DJJ
Page 19
will establish additional Resource Groups as youth needs arise.
(2) DJJ will develop or purchase and implement curriculum and programs based on national standards and best practices.
(3) Treatment services in the SBTP are based primarily on currently accepted treatment approaches for a juvenile population, focused on skill development, state of the art approaches and supplemented with positive reinforcement for improvements in behavior. Curriculum components will be culturally sensitive and emphasize cognitive and behavioral skill acquisition.
(4) On a yearly basis, the SBTP Coordinator, in consultation with the Sexual Behavior Administrative Task Force, will review and consider implementing any related and appropriate interventions.
(5) DJJ will ensure that treatment is offered in a way that respects the ethical principles of the involved professions as well as ensuring confidentiality, informed consent and due process. All participants will be adequately informed and sign documents reflecting an understanding of the limits of confidentiality, informed consent to treatment and their due process rights.
(6) DJJ will ensure that adequate and suitable physical facilities and resources, including files, computers, printers, materials for experiential therapy, etc., are available for treatment programs/services and interventions.
g.) Re-entry:
(1) DJJ recognizes that re-entry is an essential part of the SBTP. In consultation with the SBTP expert, DJJ will ensure that re-entry services are provided to youth in the SBTP that are consistent with the SBTP Remedial Plan, SBTP Program Guide, and the IBTM.
Page 20
VI. Quality Management
A. Issue
DJJ shall develop a quality management protocol. DJJ has not had a standard internal audit tool in place for measuring the effectiveness of the Sexual Behavior Treatment Programs or staff assigned to work these programs.
B. Expectation
The SBTP will adhere to current best practices of Program Evaluation and Quality Management. The overall objective of the program monitoring and performance measurement is to track and monitor the target population from identification through parole performance and measure the outcome of sex offender programming. The evaluation process shall include a review of program elements, a description of the implementation process, and a description of data points used to assess program success and failure. Basic principles include but are not limited to:
�. Clear procedures and expectations for the program
�. Entrance and exit criteria
�. Appropriately trained staff
�. Appropriate supervision and monitoring of staff.
C. Action Plan
1. The Sexual Behavior Administrative Task Force will monitor and ensure adherence to the program guide. This will include internal program checks, including monitoring and assessment of treatment implementation, review of youth files, and risk/needs-oriented records that monitor treatment progress and correspond directly to youth risk and need assessment results utilizing a standardized audit tool consistent with the current audit tool developed for this remedial plan. Non-conformance to the Program Guide may result in the development of a corrective action plan. This monitoring process will begin on July 15, 2010.
2. DJJ will conduct regular program assessment through an outcome evaluation to determine whether the program is effective in meeting its goals. This will begin in April 2011.
Page 21
3. DJJ, under the direction of the SBTP Coordinator, will make appropriate alterations to its program based on evaluations of the program’s effectiveness. This will occur on an on-going basis.
4. DJJ will conduct routine satisfaction surveys of youth and their families (if appropriate) while in the program regarding their satisfaction with the services being provided. The survey results will be summarized and shared with staff from all sections of the facility, and will be used to make facility modifications/improvements when appropriate. This will begin on July 15, 2010, and will occur on an on-going basis and at least every six months.
5. Routine documented observation and monitoring of all SBTP staff regarding delivery of treatment services and programming in the facility, with written feedback provided to staff, will be conducted by the Senior Psychologist assigned to provide clinical supervision to the SBTP. This will occur on an on-going basis and at least every six months.
6. Results of all monitoring conducted on a local level will be sent to the SBTP Coordinator for tracking and review. The audit tool will include documentation of, but will not be limited to: file reviews, review of Proof of Practice Binders and interviews with staff and youth. This will occur on an on-going basis and at least every six months.
Page 22
1. Sexual Behavior Treatment Program Remedial Plan - California ...
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/docs/SexOffenderPlan.pdf
Adequacy of DJJ Sex Offender Programs (including number of treatment beds). 2. Organization and Staffing. 3. Training. 4. Appropriateness of Policies and ...
2. Juvenile Justice - California Department of Corrections and ...
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/
DJJ provides academic and vocational education, treatment programs that address violent and criminogenic behavior, sex offender behavior, and substance ...
[PDF]
There are 4 Residential Sex Offender Treatment Programs located ...
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Victim_Services/.../ProgramInfo_FactSheet_3-08.pdf
PROGRAM INFORMATION last updated 09-11-08 ... services to victims of juvenile offenders housed in the California Department of Corrections ... Victim Focused Offender Programs: The CDCR DJJ authored the original Impact of Crime on.
4. Division of Adult Parole Operations (DAPO) - California Department ...
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Parole/
Parole to Conduct Random Sex Offender Checks During "Operation Boo" ... Learning Centers (CLLC), various other Drug Treatment, and education programs, ...
Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) ...
[PDF]
There are 4 Residential Sex Offender Treatment Programs ... - PJDC
www.pjdc.org/.../Sex%20Behavior%20Treatment%20Programs%2012-0...
4241 Williamsbourgh Drive Suite 130, Sacramento, CA 95823. Four facilities operate Residential Sex Behavior Treatment Programs in the Division of Juvenile ... A statewide sex offender database is maintained out of DJJ headquarters.
[PDF]
CDCR-DJJ Sexual Behavior Treatment Program ... - Prison Law Office
www.prisonlaw.com/pdfs/2011SBTPReports.pdf
Feb 8, 2011 - Attorney Cathleen Beltz in Norwalk, California on February 7, 2011 in connection with the audit of .... addressing sex offender treatment for.
Legislature confirms Mike Minor as DJJ director
By Bill Sessa, PIOIt’s been a busy month for the Division of Juvenile Justice, in which the Legislature approved its new director and the DJJ’s efforts to improve health care programs for juvenile offenders scored a significant approval by the courts.
On Feb. 21, Mike Minor was confirmed by the state Senate as Director, Division of Juvenile Justice. Minor has spent his entire 28-year career working with juveniles.
He began his career as a Youth Correctional Officer and has held many positions in the DJJ and the former California Youth Authority. The positions included Superintendent of DJJ’s Stockton complex, which houses the O.H. Close and N.A. Chaderjian youth correctional facilities, before assuming the Director’s position a year ago.
In other positive news, on Feb. 15, Attorney General Kamala Harris, representing CDCR, and thePrison Law Office agreed to end court oversight of DJJ’s Health Care Remedial plan, a portion of a six-part consent decree filed as a class-action lawsuit (Farrell) in November 2004. In a stipulation filed with the Alameda County Superior Court, the parties agreed that “a comprehensive system is now in place to ensure that DJJ youth receive adequate medical care under the California constitution, and all institutions have passed the Medical Care Court’s experts’ audits with high scores.”
CDCR Secretary Jeffrey Beard noted that the agreement to end court oversight of DJJ’s Health Care program is a sign that “California’s juvenile program has put a troubled past behind it and is on its way to restoring its reputation as a national leader in treating and rehabilitating juvenile offenders. With Mr. Minor at the helm of DJJ, I am confident we will continue to see improvements in how we prepare young offenders to succeed in our communities.”
Minor attributed the achievements under the remedial plans “to the dedication of the DJJ staff, most of whom have devoted their careers to helping troubled youth.”
Under the Farrell consent decree, DJJ upgraded its medical treatment programs and procedures with the guidance of court-appointed, independent health care experts for its three juvenile correctional facilities in Stockton and Ventura. In their most recent audit at the end of 2012, the court’s overseers found DJJ in “substantial compliance” with 89 percent of 2,058 items related to delivering health care and in “partial compliance” with the other 11 percent.
That same audit found DJJ in “substantial compliance” with 86 percent of 4,500 program and procedure changes in remedial plans covering Education, Sex Offender treatment, accommodation of Wards with Disabilities, Mental Health, and the overall Safety and Welfare environment in its facilities, in addition to Health Care.
Formerly known as the California Youth Authority, the DJJ once housed as many as 10,000 juvenile offenders in 11 correctional facilities. In the last 15 years, as policy makers encouraged that more youth be housed and treated in their home communities, the DJJ population has been reduced to 768 wards in three facilities. All of those youth, some as old as 23, have been adjudicated for crimes that the Penal Code classifies as “serious” or “violent” or sex offenses. They are considered to be the state’s most troubled juvenile offenders with the most serious violent backgrounds and the most extensive treatment needs.
All of DJJ’s treatment programs have been developed with the help of national and court-appointed experts and are supported by evidence that they are effective with California’s unique juvenile offender population.
Among DJJ’s more notable achievements through its remedial plans:
- DJJ’s Sex Offender Treatment Program has been rated as “highly effective” by a national standards group, the Correctional Programs Checklist, and is being recognized as a national model for treatment of youth sex offenders;
- Through the accredited high schools in each of DJJ’s three facilities, more than 6,000 juveniles have earned a high school diploma, GED, a vocational skills certificate, or enrolled in college courses since 2005, a more than 300 percent increase at a time of declining enrollment.
- Last November, the court lifted its supervision of DJJ’s Dental Care program, noting that it not only met all the requirements of the remedial plan, but exceeded them.
- DJJ successfully rolled out the court-ordered Integrated Behavior Treatment Model (ITBM) at O.H. Close Youth Correctional Facility and will continue to expand the program at the N.A. Chadjerian and Ventura facilities.
One Response to Legislature confirms Mike Minor as DJJ director
- Carol Wilson says:
Congratulations Mike! No one deserves this recognition of hard work and dedication like you do. I so very much enjoyed working with you – always so professional and positive. Best wishes. Miss you all in DJJ!
Title: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation CDCR
1
California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation CDCR
1
California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation CDCR
- Division of Juvenile JusticeDJJ
2
Background
- The CYA (DJJ) was created by law in 1941, but
it wasnt until 1943 that the agency began to
operate reform schools, providing institutional
training and parole supervision for juvenile and
young adult offenders. It is the largest youthful
offender agency in the nation.
3
Background (cont.)
- In a massive reorganization of California
corrections in 2005, the CYA became the Division
of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) under the California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
(CDCR).
4
The Mission
- Described in Section 1700 of the Welfare and
Institutions Code - To protect the public from criminal activity
5
Mission (cont.)
- Provide a range of training and treatment
services for youthful offenders committed by
courts - Direct these offenders to participate in
community and victim restoration
6
Mission (cont.)
- Assist local justice agencies with efforts to
control crime and delinquency and - Encourage the development of state and local
programs to prevent crime and delinquency.
7
Organization
- A Division in the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation. - Secretary reports directly to the Governor and
serves on his Cabinet.
8
Organization (cont.)
- Carries out its responsibilities through three
divisions - Division of Juvenile Facilities
- Division of Juvenile Programs
- Division of Juvenile Parole Services
9
General Information
- The DJJ receives its youthful offender population
from both juvenile and superior court referrals. - The DJJ does provide housing for juveniles under
the age of 18 who have been sentenced to the
Adult Division.
10
General Information (cont.)
- A separate administrative body, The Board of
Parole Hearings (BPH), Juvenile Justice Division,
determines their parole release.
11
Incarceration
- Determined by
- the severity of the committing offense
- the offenders progress toward parole readiness.
12
BPH Categories and Sliding Scale
- Sliding Scale Fees were introduced in 1997 to
encourage counties to find alternatives to CYA
(DJJ) commitment for non-violent offenders.
13
Categories and Sliding Scale (cont.)
- Under this program, counties pay a flat fee of
150 per month for all commitments in YOPB
Categories 1 - 4. - Included here are most violent offenses involving
substantial injury and offenses committed while
armed.
14
Categories and Sliding Scale (cont.)
- For other offenders, (Categories 5 7)
- counties pay 50, 75 or 100 of the1997 per
capita cost of CYA (DJJ) housing.
15
Categories and Sliding Scale (cont.)
- Category 5 offenses include ADW, Battery (with
injury), Grand Theft Person, Burglary 1st and
some Arson - Category 6 offenses include Concealable Firearms,
Burglary 2nd, some Arson and all other felonies - Category 7 offenses include all other offenses
(misdemeanors, primarily)
16
Jurisdiction
- DJJ jurisdiction for the most serious
offenders ends on the offenders 25th birthday.
17
Division of Juvenile ProgramsEducation
ServicesCalifornia Education Authority(CEA)
18
CEA
- Established in the Welfare Institutions Code
1120 1125.5 - Juvenile Justice Education funding
- - Prop 98 -Career to Work
-Voc Ed/Spec. Ed - - Non-Prop 98 -Special Education
-E-Rate Grant - - Lottery -WorkAbility Grant
- -WIA/ABE - Library Grant
- -ESEA/NCLB -Criminal Offender
19
CEA (cont.)
- California Standards
- for the Teaching Profession
- Training
- Special Education
- General Education
- English Language Learner Resources
- Transition Services Resources
20
CEA Schools
- Stockton
- O.H. Close Youth Correctional Facility
- Johanna Boss High School
- N.A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility
- N.A. Chaderjian High School
- DeWitt Nelson Youth Correctional Facility
- DeWitt Nelson High School
21
CEA Schools (cont.)
- Ione
- Preston Youth Correctional Facility Clinic
- -James A. Wieden High School
- -Pine Grove Youth Correctional
- Conservation Camp - Pine Grove Camp
- Campus
- -Midtown Campus Sacramento Parole
22
CEA Schools (cont.)
- Norwalk
- Southern Youth Correctional Reception Center
Clinic - Jack B. Clark High School
- Paso Robles
- El Paso de Robles Youth Correctional Facility
- Marie C. Romero High School
23
CEA Schools (cont.)
- Chino
- Herman G. Stark Youth Correctional Facility
- Lyle Egan High School
- Camarillo
- Ventura Youth Correctional Facility
- Mary B. Perry High School
24
CEA Schools (cont.)
- All CEA High Schools have been accredited through
Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
25
CEA Schools (cont.)
- Graduation requirements for Diploma
- -200 credits
- -Must include 10 credits in Character
- Education
- -Passage of CAHSEE
- -Waiver for special education students, if
needed - -Certificate of Completion available for
non- - special education students who are not
able to - pass CAHSEE
26
CEA Schools (cont.)
- School programs include
- State Board adopted, standards-based
- curriculum
- Vocational programs
- Special Education services
- English Learner program
27
For more information
- http//www.cdcr.ca.gov/DivisionsBoards/DJJ/index.h
tml
Reform Plans and Progress
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 2nd Quarter 2012
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 1st Quarter 2012
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 1st Quarter 2011
- Special Master Report; 1st Quarter, 2011
- CEA Title III Improvement Plan
- Farrell Quarterly Report- 2nd Quarter 2010
- Farrell Quarterly Report- 1st Quarter 2010
- Farrell Court Compliance 2009 Annual Report
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 1st and 2nd Quarters 2009
- DJJ Farrell Remedial Plans and L.H. Class Action Lawsuit Legislative Briefing - February 2009
- L.H. Stipulated Permanent Injunction/Remedial Plan
- L.H. Notice to Class Members of Permanent Injunction
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 4th Quarter 2008
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 3rd Quarter 2008
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 2nd Quarter 2008
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 1st Quarter 2008
- Appendices
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 4th Quarter 2007
- Farrell Quarterly Report - 3rd Quarter 2007
- DJJ Remedial Plans
- National Experts Provide Input to Strengthen Juvenile Justice System Reform
- List of Division of Juvenile Justice Audits
- List of Division of Juvenile Justice Audits - Safety and Welfare Plan
- LH Lawsuit—termination order
- LH lawsuit--- ENGLISH letter to class
- LH Lawsuit---SPANISH letter to class
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsTw4Ymj_Io flaws with
Including 2013 spring report
Table of Contents
Page
Executive Summary .................................................................................. ..............i
Section 1: California Youth Authority
Offender Population Projections and Characteristics .................... 1
A. Overview of the CYA ............................................................... 1
B. Population Projections .............................................................. 2
C. Changing Characteristics of Offender Population....................... 4
D. Factors Contributing to the Changing Offender Population........ 7
Section 2: Current CYA Programs................................................................... 10
A. Programs are Classified as “Core” and “Special and
Supplementary”...................................................................... 10
B. Description of CYA Core Programs........................................ 10
C. Special and Supplementary Programs...................................... 16
Section 3: Offender Needs Assessment - Current Practices
and Special Efforts ......................................................................... 36
A. Overview of Reception Center Process ................................... 36
B. 1996-97 Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Treatment Needs Assessment.................................................. 36
C. Summary of Critical Assessment Tools ................................... 37
Section 4: Preliminary Observations from Needs Assessments
and Emerging Offender Program Needs ....................................... 43
A. Preliminary Observations of Ward Program Needs .................. 43
B. Emerging Institutional Program/Staff/Physical Plant Needs ..... 45
C. Emerging Parole Program/Staff/Physical Plant Needs.............. 48
D. Emerging Education Program Needs....................................... 49
Section 5: Outcome Measurement in the CYA
A Focus on Strategic Goals ........................................................... 50
A. Development of the CYA Strategic Management Process ....... 50
B. Strategic Goals and Key Outcome Measures ........................... 52
Section 6: Systems Required to Evaluate Program Effectiveness ................... 57
A. Program Evaluation and Monitoring--A Two Tier Model........ 57
B. Significant CYA Research and Program Evaluations -
Examples of Tier 1 Efforts .................................................... 58
C. Conditions Required for CYA to Implement
Systematic Evaluation and Program Monitoring Process ......... 61
D. Improved Offender Information System Needed...................... 62
2
E. Phased Implementation of Two-Tier Model ............................ 66
Appendix A: Characteristics of First Admissions to the California Youth Authority
1959-1997
i
California Youth Authority
Response to Supplemental Budget Language Request
Item 5460-001-0001
1997-98 Budget Act
Systems and Measures for Evaluating Program Effectiveness with an Increasingly
Violent Youthful Population
Executive Summary
This report is respectfully submitted by the California Youth Authority (CYA) to the Joint
Legislative Budget Committee and the fiscal committees of the California State Legislature
pursuant to a request in the Supplemental Report to the 1997-98 Budget Act. Item 5460-001-
0001 of that report requested that the CYA report by March 1, 1998 on programs needed to
serve institution and parole populations, measures to determine the effectiveness of those
programs and systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of programs operated by the CYA.
The specific language contained in the Supplemental Report is:
Item 5460-001-0001 -- Department of the Youth Authority
1. Treatment Needs Assessment -- Institutional and Parole Populations.
The Department of the Youth Authority shall, using existing resources, complete a
treatment needs assessment that identifies what programs are needed for its institutional
and parole populations. In addition, the assessment should identify the systems required
to evaluate the effectiveness of its rehabilitation programs and what measures it will use to
determine the effectiveness of individual programs and/or combinations of programs on
parole outcomes. The Department shall complete the assessment and transmit copies to
the Joint Legislative Budget Committee and the Legislature’s fiscal committees by March
1, 1998.
Overview of the CYA
The CYA was created by law in 1941. It is the largest youthful offender agency in the nation. As
one component of the overall California juvenile justice system, the CYA provides a secure
setting for training, treatment and education to young offenders whose level of delinquency makes
them unsuitable for continued handling at the local level but who, due to their age and/or
maturity, are not considered appropriate for adult prison. Within the CYA, young offenders are
provided an opportunity to accept responsibility for their past actions and develop the
competencies necessary to change their delinquent behavior patterns and become responsible
citizens. In addition, the CYA provides a focus on community restoration through public service
activities and victim services and restitution.
Structure of This Report
ii
In order to
CALIFORNIA YOUTH AUTHORITY
The California Youth Authority (CYA), the largest youth correctional system
in the United States, houses approximately six thousand juveniles and young
adults in eleven institutions and four forestry camps. An additional four thousand
are under parole supervision. Operating under a treatment and training concept,
the CYA provides an extensive array of programs that include academic
education, vocational training and work experience, sex offender treatment,
substance abuse treatment, specialized counseling, and intensive mental health
treatment. Through its Office of Prevention and Victims Services, the CYA
assists local justice agencies in delinquency prevention and intervention and
provides services to victims of youth crime.
The Origin of the CYA
The establishment of the California Youth Authority in 1941 through
legislative action is often cited as a turning point in American juvenile
correctional history. The California Youth Authority Act was the first
implementation of the American Law Institute’s model Youth Correction
Authority Act. Radically breaking with traditional thinking and practice in
juvenile corrections, it proposed a model of juvenile justice based on
rehabilitation instead of retributive punishment and called for state-level
coordination of services. The passage of the California Youth Correction
Authority Act of 1941 represents the first time an elected legislative body
2
declared that the purpose of juvenile corrections was rehabilitation rather than
punishment.
During the period leading up to the passage of the Youth Correction Authority
Act in 1941, California’s juvenile justice system could be described as disjointed,
under funded, and prone to brutality. The system’s most serious problems appear
to have been the result of no overall standards. There were no guidelines for
length of stay, for educational services, nor for the quality of correctional
treatment and training. Three crowded, aging institutions and a total of nine parole
agents (with caseloads sometimes as high as two hundred) served all of
California. They operated under the direction of the Department of Institutions, an
agency that was almost totally oriented to running mental hospitals and homes for
the disabled.
Prior to 1941 young offenders were committed directly by the courts to one of
the three schools. If space was not available they were placed in overcrowded jail
facilities along with adults. Even pre-adolescent children were sometimes placed
in jails where they mingled with adult criminals of all types. In such settings
children were exposed to continual criminal influences as well as to physical and
sexual abuse. Publicized reports of children being abused in jails and in the three
juvenile institutions were common. Over time this grew into a highly emotional
public issue. In 1939 public attention became riveted on the Whittier State School
when the Los Angeles Times featured stories concerning a 13-year-old boy who
died under questionable circumstances after being placed in solitary confinement.
When a second boy at the Whittier State School died under almost identical
circumstances a year later, public demand for change became difficult to ignore.
3
California, of course, was not the only state with such problems. Public
commissions and other influential groups in state after state found that many
juveniles coming into contact with the justice system encountered injustice and
brutality. Juvenile justice committee members in New York City charged with
assessing its system of juvenile justice were shocked at their findings. They
became convinced, however, that the only reason brutal conditions were tolerated
was that the public was generally unaware of them. To address this lack of
knowledge, the committee sponsored a report that detailed the sorry state of
juvenile justice in New York. This report, Youth in the Toils, eventually drew the
attention of the American Law Institute.